Publications

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Books

Who Holds the Pen

Who Holds the Pen

Seven books put Stafford Beer\x27s Viable System Model to work, and each answers one question differently: who holds the pen? A comparison of seven VSM methods, a capstone choice guide, six showcases, and a coda on freedom and agency in the age of AI.

05.09.2026 More

Articles

From Agents to Viable Collectives: The VSM as a Diagnostic Framework

Krishan Mathis, Margeret Heath, and Panos Panagiotakopoulos. 2026. Preprint, CC-BY-4.0. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22079120

Research on artificial intelligence agents commonly evaluates the capabilities, incentives, and interactions of individual agents. Yet increasingly consequential systems are not individual agents but collectives: ensembles of language-model agents, hybrid human–AI teams, and organizational arrangements in which observations, recommendations, decisions, and actions are distributed across…

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A Stress Test for the Viable System Model — A Cumulative Research Program

Krishan Mathis and Margeret Heath. 2026. Preprint, CC-BY-4.0. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22752610

The Viable System Model (VSM) has been used for more than five decades to diagnose and design organizations under conditions of complexity. Its durability is often treated as evidence of its power. Yet the model's applications rarely specify in advance what observation would count against…

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Human Agency in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Krishan Mathis. 2026. From Controlling Technical Systems to Shaping Societal Capacity for Action

Current discourse on artificial intelligence (AI) is often shaped by two limitations. First, AI is framed as a technological competitor to human agency. Second, governance is treated primarily as the control of technical risks. This conceptual article proposes a different perspective. Its central question is…

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